AT Express Passport Index · Edition v0 – November 2026

The ATE Index measures passports by what matters.

The AT Express Passport Index (ATE Index) scores 199 passports on seven pillars that families weigh when they choose a second citizenship. Travel access counts, but so do its durability, safety, the economy, tax, digital readiness, and rights and stability.

See the full ranking How we score

199Passports scored

7Pillars

25Indicators

35%Weight on travel access

Why another index

Beyond the visa-free count.

A count of visa-free destinations treats a weekend in a small island state and a business trip to the United States as equal, and it says nothing about safety, tax, banking or the right to keep your current nationality.

The ATE Index weights each destination by the size of its economy and by how much travellers value it, checks whether access has recently been withdrawn or is at risk, and adds six further pillars. The result can differ sharply from a raw count. United Arab Emirates (ATE #32, access-count #1) and Malaysia (ATE #53, access-count #4) have strong counts but rank lower once the other pillars are added, while Qatar (ATE #46, access-count #92) and Liechtenstein (ATE #1, access-count #37) rank higher.

Edition v0 – November 2026

The top ten.

Scores out of 100. † marks a score that includes at least one estimated pillar.

1. Liechtenstein 90.80
2. Luxembourg 89.35
3. Singapore 89.33
4. New Zealand 88.90
5. Monaco † 88.36
6. Norway 87.93
7. Estonia 87.69
8. Sweden 87.59
9. Denmark 87.55
10. Iceland 87.46

Full ranking

All 199 passports.

Select a column heading to sort. Pillar scores run from 0 to 100. “Access count” is the number of destinations a passport can enter visa-free, with an electronic travel authorisation or with a visa on arrival, by our own count; “Shift” compares the ATE rank with the rank by that count.


1	Liechtenstein	90.80	95.7	99.7	84.6	96.7	73.3	82.0	91.5	149	37	+36
2	Luxembourg	89.35	96.5	97.3	88.6	95.8	47.3	82.0	95.1	153	24	+22
3	Singapore	89.33	98.9	98.3	93.0	98.4	70.0	97.3	71.0	165	2	-1
4	New Zealand	88.90	96.3	97.2	89.0	89.0	53.5	84.7	94.1	154	23	+19
5	Monaco ^†	88.36	96.2	97.7	81.5	81.0	100.0	64.7	84.6	146	42	+37
6	Norway	87.93	97.0	96.4	90.5	93.1	27.9	86.7	96.9	158	7	+1
7	Estonia	87.69	95.9	95.0	82.4	86.2	68.6	86.8	88.7	148	38	+31
8	Sweden	87.59	96.6	94.8	87.6	90.0	40.8	85.7	94.8	152	30	+22
9	Denmark	87.55	96.9	94.3	90.8	91.8	21.6	89.9	99.2	152	30	+21
10	Iceland	87.46	96.2	98.2	94.1	88.5	36.0	88.4	90.9	147	40	+30
11	Switzerland	87.15	97.3	96.7	94.9	92.9	12.5	94.4	95.2	158	7	-4
12	Australia	87.11	95.6	94.2	89.7	90.0	37.0	97.2	91.3	153	24	+12
13	Finland	86.96	96.8	95.5	89.6	89.7	23.7	86.5	98.1	153	24	+11
14	Ireland	86.92	97.5	94.0	92.7	95.3	25.6	85.1	90.6	158	7	-7
15	Andorra	86.83	96.0	100.0	83.6	83.5	84.1	61.6	81.5	143	47	+32
16	Germany	85.72	97.1	90.0	89.4	88.2	28.8	95.3	90.8	158	7	-9
17	Canada	85.62	96.6	94.4	87.1	88.5	35.5	80.3	90.7	150	36	+19
18	Netherlands	85.33	96.8	92.4	90.5	90.4	26.8	97.3	86.0	152	30	+12
19	United Kingdom	85.03	97.1	90.6	86.3	88.6	34.5	97.0	85.7	156	18	-1
20	Malta	83.74	96.8	96.1	90.0	84.1	52.3	82.6	72.3	153	24	+4
21	Belgium	83.63	96.8	89.8	88.5	88.3	27.9	79.0	86.0	153	24	+3
22	Slovenia	83.54	97.1	94.9	90.4	83.8	40.0	80.9	78.0	152	30	+8
23	Japan	83.49	97.7	97.8	89.8	86.2	32.8	92.6	74.8	161	3	-20
24	San Marino	83.25	95.6	99.0	88.2	84.6	44.3	60.6	80.3	142	48	+24
25	Austria	82.63	96.8	92.4	90.2	87.9	35.3	83.0	74.0	157	11	-14
26	Czechia	82.57	91.0	96.0	86.7	84.7	44.1	77.0	81.2	157	11	-15
27	Hong Kong (SAR China)	82.41	87.3	94.2	95.9	90.5	79.5	57.3	62.0	159	6	-21
28	Portugal	81.91	96.8	93.7	86.5	80.6	34.1	78.2	79.9	155	22	-6
29	Slovakia	81.67	96.6	93.4	80.8	79.5	65.0	76.5	69.0	153	24	-5
30	Latvia	81.65	95.7	94.4	79.5	82.5	56.8	82.1	70.9	145	44	+14
31	Poland	81.48	96.8	93.6	84.3	81.4	42.4	79.6	74.2	156	18	-13
32	United Arab Emirates	81.39	86.2	94.6	83.0	86.4	100.0	88.2	52.9	172	1	-31
33	Lithuania	81.33	90.8	95.3	80.4	86.7	47.2	82.4	76.0	146	42	+9
34	Italy	81.13	97.2	91.8	85.2	81.5	37.4	78.2	74.9	157	11	-23
35	Hungary	80.84	97.1	92.2	82.2	78.0	69.0	77.9	62.6	157	11	-24
36	Croatia	80.71	97.3	93.5	83.0	80.5	41.5	89.0	69.5	157	11	-25
37	Brunei	80.48	91.0	99.5	73.7	86.4	100.0	65.9	52.4	137	51	+14
38	South Korea	80.45	98.3	95.2	85.5	85.9	23.8	98.4	66.8	160	4	-34
39	France	79.81	97.1	87.8	80.4	86.5	13.2	80.2	81.9	157	11	-28
40	Greece	78.84	96.6	90.5	81.5	78.5	41.3	79.0	67.8	152	30	-10
41	Spain	78.66	97.0	89.8	85.7	82.5	18.5	85.0	70.5	157	11	-30
42	Cyprus	78.65	84.0	91.7	81.2	85.0	47.1	79.8	74.3	148	38	-4
43	Chile	78.59	92.3	89.7	73.2	77.1	47.4	72.8	78.2	144	46	+3
44	Bulgaria	77.77	85.3	90.3	78.9	76.8	84.1	74.8	59.6	156	18	-26
45	United States	75.65	90.2	86.2	73.4	88.4	1.7	94.6	76.5	152	30	-15
46	Qatar	74.87	63.2	96.2	84.0	88.9	100.0	70.4	50.1	104	92	+46
47	Taiwan ^†	74.81	82.4	95.8	60.7	87.4	31.2	50.7	83.8	106	87	+40
48	Israel	74.44	84.2	81.7	66.3	83.8	41.2	71.5	75.1	139	50	+2
49	Uruguay	74.31	74.2	98.1	70.1	74.6	42.7	72.7	81.8	136	52	+3
50	Bahamas	74.06	75.1	96.0	57.9	73.2	86.0	62.4	71.5	135	53	+3
51	Romania	73.85	85.5	90.0	76.6	74.7	40.8	74.8	64.9	156	18	-33
52	Mauritius	73.66	65.8	95.3	72.8	78.9	76.1	58.3	72.0	124	67	+15
53	Malaysia	72.84	80.9	91.0	77.2	79.7	58.6	69.6	53.2	160	4	-49
54	Seychelles	72.52	65.0	97.1	66.5	73.4	76.1	58.8	75.1	135	53	-1
55	Macau (SAR China) ^†	72.40	72.0	96.3	60.7	92.3	80.9	53.5	55.4	132	57	+2
56	Costa Rica	71.55	65.5	97.5	63.5	72.9	65.9	75.5	72.9	130	59	+3
57	Barbados	71.19	77.2	97.9	63.0	70.5	39.5	53.4	77.2	140	49	-8
58	Argentina	70.74	76.5	89.7	72.2	71.9	49.9	79.5	60.3	145	44	-14
59	Antigua and Barbuda	68.70	62.4	57.4	64.4	74.0	100.0	52.0	70.0	131	58	-1
60	Palau ^†	68.09	63.5	98.0	60.7	68.3	58.6	48.0	74.0	100	94	+34
61	North Macedonia	68.01	59.0	91.2	72.7	74.6	71.4	62.2	58.9	110	84	+23
62	Montenegro	67.78	58.5	91.8	80.1	72.7	79.9	61.6	50.0	111	79	+17
63	Panama	67.76	70.1	90.3	66.2	70.6	57.0	66.9	58.2	124	67	+4
64	Saint Kitts and Nevis	67.28	58.5	66.8	54.4	74.3	100.0	52.7	70.2	135	53	-11
65	Serbia	66.87	62.5	86.1	73.6	73.2	66.1	69.1	52.8	124	67	+2
66	Brazil	66.21	76.1	85.6	55.1	69.0	48.6	76.9	56.5	147	40	-26
67	Albania	66.12	59.1	89.1	72.8	65.0	64.2	65.1	60.5	111	79	+12
68	Paraguay	65.97	66.0	89.5	62.0	65.1	86.4	59.5	49.2	126	64	-4
69	Saudi Arabia	65.83	38.5	88.6	78.1	81.6	100.0	88.6	44.7	84	100	+31
70	Bahrain	65.61	34.3	86.0	78.7	83.4	100.0	86.3	49.0	80	105	+35
71	Georgia	64.62	54.8	84.8	70.2	74.2	72.7	63.2	51.6	121	70	-1
72	Samoa ^†	64.08	62.5	98.3	51.9	57.3	58.6	31.7	74.0	112	77	+5
73	Oman	63.82	35.0	92.9	77.8	75.6	100.0	71.3	46.0	80	105	+32
74	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ^†	63.66	59.1	97.5	49.1	67.0	52.3	50.0	70.0	130	59	-15
75	Marshall Islands	63.50	64.3	99.7	57.8	52.0	80.9	40.8	54.4	111	79	+4
76	Moldova	63.20	47.4	87.7	67.4	63.0	80.9	60.8	59.5	111	79	+3
77	Peru	63.08	69.7	84.8	59.2	64.4	52.3	64.2	51.0	129	61	-16
78	Bosnia and Herzegovina	63.03	54.9	86.0	72.8	55.1	84.1	55.8	51.7	106	87	+9
79	Kosovo ^†	62.74	37.5	87.2	81.5	64.3	84.1	53.2	58.6	79	107	+28
80	Trinidad and Tobago	62.66	57.6	81.9	57.4	70.9	60.2	58.1	59.4	129	61	-19
81	Kuwait	62.54	38.6	91.6	79.2	64.8	100.0	68.6	43.5	97	95	+14
82	Tonga ^†	62.27	56.2	88.2	65.7	56.0	58.6	43.2	65.6	110	84	+2
83	Grenada ^†	61.86	61.3	67.6	56.7	66.6	52.3	51.4	67.4	125	65	-18
84	Tuvalu ^†	61.71	54.0	99.0	56.8	53.0	58.6	26.6	73.3	111	79	-5
85	Maldives	60.58	31.4	89.0	73.2	71.2	100.0	57.8	46.4	84	100	+15
86	Micronesia ^†	59.99	64.2	99.7	53.2	50.2	58.6	23.4	57.1	105	91	+5
87	Mexico	59.98	68.0	74.0	49.2	63.6	58.2	73.4	45.9	134	56	-31
88	Mongolia	59.23	25.9	92.7	63.3	72.5	84.1	67.4	56.7	64	131	+43
89	Guatemala	59.13	60.2	86.9	47.7	56.0	88.9	44.1	43.8	117	72	-17
90	Fiji	58.08	27.1	95.7	60.0	64.3	68.2	54.5	67.7	82	104	+14
91	Kazakhstan	56.93	26.5	87.0	71.9	76.4	84.1	73.2	36.5	78	110	+19
92	El Salvador	56.82	55.4	89.3	51.6	57.4	52.3	57.5	47.9	115	75	-17
93	Saint Lucia ^†	56.68	47.1	56.8	48.2	70.6	52.3	44.0	69.9	120	71	-22
94	Kiribati ^†	56.62	50.7	97.7	43.4	47.6	58.6	47.0	61.6	108	86	-8
95	Colombia	56.10	52.0	71.5	49.0	63.6	46.8	71.8	53.9	116	74	-21
96	Ukraine	55.95	52.5	86.0	50.8	69.2	61.2	68.7	33.3	129	61	-35
97	Dominica	55.85	53.6	45.7	50.5	66.1	44.3	49.5	67.4	125	65	-32
98	Armenia	55.51	19.1	85.3	71.3	69.4	62.6	66.0	57.7	67	122	+24
99	Dominican Republic	55.33	22.7	93.0	58.6	69.4	55.2	71.2	60.5	72	114	+15
100	Solomon Islands ^†	54.30	61.3	94.0	31.2	41.0	58.6	22.6	58.7	117	72	-28
101	Russia	53.23	34.5	81.5	52.3	69.8	70.0	70.8	38.0	112	77	-24
102	Belize	53.14	27.3	94.4	44.8	61.3	73.5	45.6	56.6	85	98	-4
103	Bhutan	52.75	11.0	98.8	63.7	64.6	60.2	58.5	59.6	46	171	+68
104	Jamaica	52.28	21.7	92.5	48.6	64.3	52.3	59.0	62.4	84	100	-4
105	Thailand	52.21	29.3	84.3	63.5	73.7	44.3	68.7	40.0	74	113	+8
106	China	51.71	26.0	88.6	68.5	73.0	42.4	71.0	36.7	84	100	-6
107	Cape Verde	51.51	10.6	94.8	49.2	61.5	56.2	51.6	72.8	63	134	+27
108	Nauru ^†	51.48	16.9	82.5	60.6	57.6	58.6	44.2	66.0	69	118	+10
109	Türkiye	51.36	28.6	67.0	63.2	74.1	39.8	71.5	46.9	106	87	-22
110	Timor-Leste ^†	51.06	37.3	83.2	55.3	48.6	58.6	26.4	53.3	87	97	-13
111	Guyana	50.79	26.6	90.0	55.9	76.7	44.3	49.8	41.7	76	111	0
112	Jordan	50.23	11.7	71.1	66.2	59.2	60.2	71.8	58.8	53	153	+41
113	Honduras ^†	50.11	52.6	75.3	43.0	50.5	52.3	38.7	41.2	115	75	-38
114	Uzbekistan	49.99	19.4	89.2	66.3	58.6	80.9	66.2	30.4	62	137	+23
115	Botswana	49.74	15.7	86.4	58.5	66.6	56.3	45.4	52.6	72	114	-1
116	Suriname	49.29	27.7	92.9	56.6	62.3	39.5	56.4	42.3	65	125	+9
117	Kyrgyzstan	49.18	10.6	88.4	60.5	59.3	84.1	63.2	40.7	60	140	+23
118	South Africa	48.95	23.1	85.7	47.5	66.9	32.3	66.1	54.6	93	96	-22
119	Azerbaijan	48.82	20.3	87.8	64.1	65.7	60.2	64.5	31.3	69	118	-1
120	Belarus	48.56	23.4	87.2	67.7	66.9	31.0	64.7	37.4	79	107	-13
121	Namibia	48.22	11.7	83.9	53.4	63.6	41.1	47.1	64.5	68	121	0
122	Indonesia	48.17	20.4	83.0	64.5	63.1	44.3	60.8	40.8	75	112	-10
123	Ecuador	47.92	28.5	83.8	46.5	60.6	34.5	61.2	49.3	85	98	-25
124	Nicaragua ^†	47.90	47.1	78.4	51.7	46.6	52.3	42.1	31.0	104	92	-32
125	Vanuatu	47.83	12.9	60.5	50.7	48.6	100.0	30.2	60.8	79	107	-18
126	Morocco	47.60	15.9	84.5	61.4	56.8	39.5	60.3	52.5	70	117	-9
127	Ghana ^†	47.57	9.3	89.1	52.6	61.5	44.3	51.2	61.1	65	125	-2
128	Tunisia	47.38	16.2	83.3	61.3	55.0	44.3	56.1	51.6	65	125	-3
129	Philippines	47.23	13.5	82.3	56.1	59.7	46.8	57.0	53.5	63	134	+5
130	Sri Lanka	46.90	6.1	88.2	62.3	66.3	51.5	47.5	48.7	37	186	+56
131	Bolivia	45.67	18.4	87.3	58.3	42.5	60.2	55.5	42.2	65	125	-6
131	India	45.67	10.8	84.0	50.5	65.7	52.5	62.5	43.8	56	144	+13
133	Vietnam	45.65	12.7	89.3	64.3	53.1	38.0	62.9	45.0	54	150	+17
134	Rwanda	44.54	8.8	89.4	43.4	51.7	52.3	35.3	60.8	62	137	+3
135	Algeria	44.23	4.3	83.6	64.4	54.8	49.9	50.9	46.9	52	158	+23
136	Tajikistan	43.66	11.2	86.3	61.4	50.4	79.3	42.0	27.2	54	150	+14
137	Gabon	43.22	6.8	79.3	56.8	64.3	44.3	46.9	43.2	59	141	+4
138	Lesotho ^†	43.18	16.8	88.4	41.8	48.4	44.3	32.4	52.8	71	116	-22
139	Venezuela	42.86	47.0	67.4	40.9	42.7	45.9	47.3	24.4	106	87	-52
140	Egypt	42.09	6.0	66.9	62.8	59.3	56.2	54.2	36.2	51	162	+22
141	Cuba ^†	41.73	8.3	80.8	63.0	66.4	20.4	42.8	40.0	55	145	+4
142	Zambia	41.54	7.7	78.0	46.4	53.3	52.3	28.5	51.0	64	131	-11
143	Cambodia	41.53	11.9	75.9	44.8	50.5	68.2	46.9	37.5	51	162	+19
144	North Korea ^†	40.95	3.8	89.1	60.7	61.4	68.2	11.0	27.1	33	190	+46
145	Kenya	40.86	9.3	80.2	43.8	49.5	44.3	39.2	50.5	66	124	-21
146	São Tomé and Príncipe ^†	40.59	7.9	77.5	42.0	49.6	44.3	35.7	54.6	55	145	-1
147	Benin	40.49	10.5	75.5	41.5	50.3	44.3	29.2	53.2	62	137	-10
148	Lebanon	40.35	8.1	79.1	57.1	36.5	60.2	49.1	39.5	41	179	+31
149	Eswatini	40.22	12.4	84.3	51.7	58.7	47.5	47.1	25.2	64	131	-18
150	Bangladesh	40.04	3.4	81.5	51.5	51.2	60.2	46.6	36.4	32	192	+42
151	Angola	39.98	7.7	75.2	49.0	40.2	74.2	28.9	41.4	51	162	+11
152	Papua New Guinea ^†	39.80	22.5	84.5	39.6	33.6	58.6	15.9	40.4	69	118	-34
153	Palestine	39.76	8.2	54.4	50.5	58.7	76.1	51.4	28.4	35	189	+36
154	Djibouti ^†	39.52	6.1	84.9	34.2	53.6	68.2	29.9	40.2	43	173	+19
154	Senegal	39.52	10.1	77.2	50.2	56.6	20.4	40.9	45.8	55	145	-9
156	Turkmenistan ^†	39.49	5.6	80.2	68.3	52.4	47.2	25.0	29.9	42	176	+20
157	Gambia	38.12	6.0	78.7	36.7	43.7	52.3	22.8	51.6	67	122	-35
158	Uganda ^†	37.95	8.9	82.1	36.6	51.8	44.3	20.5	44.0	63	134	-24
159	Mauritania ^†	37.91	7.5	73.7	48.5	47.6	44.3	26.9	42.4	52	158	-1
160	Laos ^†	37.90	8.4	72.5	44.6	40.1	58.6	38.4	40.3	40	182	+22
161	Côte d'Ivoire ^†	37.72	8.7	73.2	41.8	56.2	44.3	37.2	36.2	52	158	-3
162	Iraq	37.52	0.0	74.7	46.7	39.1	76.1	44.4	36.7	28	195	+33
163	Nepal	37.42	8.3	85.2	50.6	40.3	42.7	39.9	34.6	33	190	+27
164	Malawi	37.41	9.3	77.3	35.1	41.0	44.3	19.7	52.6	65	125	-39
165	Tanzania	37.12	9.5	75.0	41.9	50.0	52.3	26.9	34.4	65	125	-40
166	Nigeria	36.25	2.0	65.7	31.0	56.3	61.8	32.8	41.4	42	176	+10
167	Liberia ^†	36.21	6.6	87.5	36.6	41.0	44.3	17.0	44.5	46	171	+4
168	Comoros ^†	36.16	9.5	86.8	36.2	43.6	44.3	17.5	39.2	49	166	-2
169	Iran	36.08	5.8	56.0	54.1	44.2	44.3	56.8	35.1	36	187	+18
170	Guinea ^†	35.55	8.7	83.1	31.8	47.1	44.3	25.8	37.5	53	153	-17
171	Zimbabwe	35.22	11.2	72.0	42.0	49.1	28.4	31.1	35.8	58	143	-28
172	Guinea-Bissau ^†	35.16	5.6	84.6	46.5	41.6	44.3	19.4	33.4	49	166	-6
173	Libya ^†	34.74	6.8	54.9	53.8	49.6	68.2	49.6	13.7	40	182	+9
174	Burkina Faso	34.62	7.2	55.2	32.8	45.2	60.2	17.9	43.4	55	145	-29
175	Congo (Rep.) ^†	34.40	6.0	64.9	43.3	49.2	44.3	26.8	33.9	47	170	-5
176	Equatorial Guinea	34.35	7.2	67.3	57.0	57.0	44.3	28.9	14.1	52	158	-18
177	Togo ^†	33.63	7.8	72.2	37.1	49.3	44.3	27.2	28.5	55	145	-32
178	Sierra Leone ^†	33.33	6.7	50.6	41.1	41.8	44.3	17.7	44.2	59	141	-37
179	Mozambique ^†	32.77	7.0	76.3	28.3	40.7	44.3	15.1	39.2	53	153	-26
180	Pakistan	32.21	1.2	74.1	32.0	45.0	44.9	39.6	32.4	29	194	+14
181	Syria ^†	31.87	2.0	51.4	23.3	57.8	76.1	25.2	26.0	24	197	+16
182	Cameroon	31.55	8.0	76.0	37.6	39.4	44.3	31.5	22.0	49	166	-16
183	Madagascar ^†	31.21	8.0	84.6	32.1	35.4	44.3	16.7	26.8	54	150	-33
184	Ethiopia	30.24	5.5	74.8	22.8	47.1	44.3	17.1	28.1	40	182	-2
185	Burundi	29.13	7.9	69.4	29.0	32.3	44.3	9.2	30.6	43	173	-12
186	Mali ^†	28.48	8.1	50.0	12.8	46.1	44.3	21.2	35.6	50	165	-21
187	Niger ^†	28.08	10.1	55.5	13.9	33.8	44.3	9.4	39.8	53	153	-34
188	Haiti	27.32	10.4	58.3	23.2	24.9	52.3	19.8	27.3	43	173	-15
189	Chad ^†	27.27	8.7	56.9	16.7	37.0	44.3	6.6	32.9	53	153	-36
190	Myanmar ^†	26.77	8.6	52.9	40.0	24.3	58.6	35.2	10.3	42	176	-14
191	Afghanistan	26.34	0.6	53.4	29.8	30.2	68.2	9.4	22.8	23	198	+7
192	Eritrea ^†	25.12	4.4	64.1	26.6	48.4	44.3	6.0	8.1	36	187	-5
193	Yemen	24.27	6.0	50.0	17.4	15.8	76.1	11.2	23.1	27	196	+3
194	Somalia	24.22	1.9	52.5	9.2	33.6	71.4	9.8	22.3	30	193	-1
195	Congo (DR)	23.58	5.6	72.8	15.4	36.3	36.4	14.1	14.1	41	179	-16
196	Sudan ^†	23.36	5.3	53.2	11.7	35.5	44.3	14.0	22.5	39	185	-11
197	Central African Republic	21.78	7.3	76.0	17.3	31.2	20.4	2.3	14.6	49	166	-31
198	South Sudan ^†	17.80	2.4	57.3	10.5	11.6	44.3	1.4	18.3	41	179	-19
—	Vatican City unranked	74.88	70.8	100.0	81.5	81.0	47.2	77.9	70.9	129	—	—

† Includes at least one pillar estimated with the World Bank regional median (48 ranked passports). Vatican City is listed but not ranked, because five of its seven pillars would be estimated. Passports with equal scores share a rank.

Methodology

How the ATE Index is built.

Each indicator is scaled from 0 to 100 across the 199 passports, using a logarithm where the spread is very wide, and combined within its pillar using the weights below. The total score is the weighted sum of the seven pillars.

Pillar	Weight	Indicators (weight within the pillar)
Mobility quality	25	Visa-free and similar access weighted by destination economy size (60); access to a premium bundle of destinations: Schengen, US, UK, Canada, Japan, Australia and others (40)
Mobility durability	10	Visa-waiver losses or restrictions in 2022–2026 (40); exposure of citizenship-by-investment without residence to EU visa-suspension rules (30); political stability (30)
Life & safety	15	Human Development Index (35); Global Peace Index, inverted (25); homicide rate, inverted (20); health spending per person (20)
Economic & financial	15	GDP per person at PPP (40); bank-account ownership (20); regulatory quality (20); FATF status (20)
Tax & wealth	10	Top personal income tax rate, inverted (60); capital gains tax, inverted (20); wealth tax (10); inheritance tax (10); citizenship-based taxation −30
Digital readiness	5	UN E-Government Development Index (50); internet users (30); trusted-traveller access, UK eGates and US Global Entry (20)
Rights & stability	20	Rule of law (25); voice and accountability (20); control of corruption (20); government effectiveness (20); dual citizenship (15)

Travel access. For each passport and destination we score visa-free entry or free movement 1.0, an electronic travel authorisation 0.9, a visa on arrival 0.7, an e-visa 0.4 and a visa requirement 0. Entry to the United States and the United Kingdom follows the official lists.
Missing data. When an indicator is missing, its pillar is calculated from the indicators that are available. When less than half of a pillar’s data is available, we use the regional median for that pillar and mark the passport with †.
Dual citizenship. We code whether a citizen who voluntarily acquires another citizenship keeps this one: allowed 100, restricted or case-by-case 50, not allowed 0. The coding follows each country’s nationality law as recorded in the GLOBALCIT Citizenship Law Dataset v3.1 (law in force on 1 January 2024), updated from the law texts for Germany (allowed since 27 June 2024), China, Hong Kong and Macao (not allowed) and Vietnam (restricted: Vietnamese law keeps a one-nationality principle with exceptions). No coding was available for Andorra, Maldives, Monaco, Palestine, San Marino and Vatican City; their pillar uses the remaining indicators.
Acquisition is kept separate. Whether a passport can be obtained by investment, and at what cost, does not change its score.
Updates. We plan quarterly releases and an update after any major change in visa policy.

Edition v0 – November 2026. Data retrieved 1–2 November 2026 (Asia/Nicosia); each indicator uses its latest available year, listed in the sources below. This is the first public edition and we welcome corrections.

Licence and attribution. Visa-requirement data are adapted from Wikipedia’s “Visa requirements for [nationality] citizens” articles and are used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 licence; the visa-access scores derived from them are shared under the same licence. Tax rates and Global Peace Index scores are also taken from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0. Citizenship-law data come from the GLOBALCIT Citizenship Law Dataset (CC BY 4.0), recoded by AT Express.

Sources

Data sources.

Wikipedia contributors, “Visa requirements for [nationality] citizens” articles (199 articles), retrieved 1–2 November 2026. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Link
U.S. Department of State, Visa Waiver Program (participating countries), 2026. Link
GOV.UK, Immigration Rules Appendix Visitor: Visa national list, 2026. Link
International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (DataMapper): nominal GDP and GDP per capita PPP, 2025. Link
World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025 update (political stability, regulatory quality, rule of law, voice and accountability, control of corruption, government effectiveness). CC BY 4.0. Link
UNDP, Human Development Report 2025 (HDI 2023). Link
Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Peace Index 2026, as tabulated on Wikipedia “Global Peace Index” (CC BY-SA 4.0). Link
World Bank, World Development Indicators: intentional homicides (UNODC), current health expenditure per capita PPP (WHO), internet users (ITU); Global Findex account ownership. CC BY 4.0. Link
FATF, “High-risk and other monitored jurisdictions”, public statements of October 2026. Link
Wikipedia contributors, “List of countries by tax rates”, retrieved November 2026 (CC BY-SA 4.0). Link
United Nations, E-Government Survey 2024 (EGDI). Link
GOV.UK, “Entering the UK: at border control” (eGates eligibility), 2026; U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Global Entry eligibility, 2026. Link
Regulation (EU) 2025/2441 amending the visa-suspension mechanism, and UK, Canadian, U.S. and EU visa decisions 2022–2026 (UK Parliament written statements; IRCC; Presidential Proclamation 10998 of 16 December 2025). Link
Vink, M., van der Baaren, L., Bauböck, R., Džankić, J., Honohan, I., Manby, B., GLOBALCIT Citizenship Law Dataset v3.1, European University Institute (law in force on 1 January 2024). Licensed under CC BY 4.0; recoded by AT Express into three levels, with changes noted below. Link
National nationality laws used to update the dual-citizenship coding: Vietnam Law on Nationality 24/2008/QH12, Art. 4, as amended by Laws 56/2014/QH13 and 79/2025/QH15; Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China, Arts. 3 and 9 (also applied in Hong Kong and Macao under Annex III of each Basic Law); Germany, Act to Modernise Nationality Law (StARModG), in force 27 June 2024.

Questions

Frequently asked questions.

What is the AT Express Passport Index?

The AT Express Passport Index (ATE Index) scores 199 passports out of 100 on seven pillars that matter to families choosing a second citizenship: the quality and durability of travel access, life and safety, the economic and financial environment, tax, digital readiness, and rights and stability.

How is it different from a visa-free count?

A visa-free count treats every destination equally and ignores everything else. The ATE Index weights destinations by economic size and by how much travellers value them, checks whether that access has recently been lost or is at risk, and adds six other pillars. Travel access is 35% of the total.

What does the † mark mean?

At least one pillar of that passport had less than half of its data available, so we used the regional median for that pillar. 48 ranked passports carry the mark. Treat their scores as estimates.

Why is Vatican City not ranked?

Five of its seven pillars would have to be estimated, so a ranking would mostly reflect assumptions. We list its estimated score for reference only.

How is dual citizenship scored?

We code whether a citizen who voluntarily acquires another citizenship keeps this one: allowed scores 100, restricted or case-by-case 50, and not allowed 0. The coding follows each country’s nationality law, as recorded in the GLOBALCIT Citizenship Law Dataset, with updates from more recent law texts. Vietnam, for example, is coded as restricted.

How often is the index updated?

We plan quarterly releases, in January, April, July and October, and add updates when a major visa policy changes.

The ATE Index is general information, not legal, tax or immigration advice. Visa rules and nationality laws change; please confirm the current position for your situation with a qualified adviser.

Aphrodite's Rock on the coast near Paphos, Cyprus

Let's talk

Begin with a conversation.

Tell us a little about your plans. An adviser will reply personally with an initial view of the options available to you — confidentially and without obligation.

Arrange a consultation

Prefer to talk first? Message us on WhatsApp

One dedicated adviser
Scope and fees in writing
Confidential, without obligation

Telephone: +357 979 42 388
WhatsApp: +357 979 42 388
Email: csd.atexpress@gmail.com